The 4 things it takes to be an expert

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Which experts have real expertise? This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via https://brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

Thanks to https://www.chess24.com/ and Chessable for the clip of Magnus.

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Chase, W. G., & Simon, H. A. (1973). Perception in chess. Cognitive psychology, 4(1), 55-81. – https://ve42.co/chess1

Calderwood, R., Klein, G. A., & Crandall, B. W. (1988). Time pressure, skill, and move quality in chess. The American Journal of Psychology, 481-493. – https://ve42.co/chess2

Hogarth, R. M., Lejarraga, T., & Soyer, E. (2015). The two settings of kind and wicked learning environments. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 24(5), 379-385. – https://ve42.co/Hogarth

Ægisdóttir, S., White, M. J., Spengler, P. M., Maugherman, A. S., Anderson, L. A., Cook, R. S., … & Rush, J. D. (2006). The meta-analysis of clinical judgment project: Fifty-six years of accumulated research on clinical versus statistical prediction. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(3), 341-382. – https://ve42.co/anderson1

Ericsson, K. A. (2015). Acquisition and maintenance of medical expertise: a perspective from the expert-performance approach with deliberate practice. Academic Medicine, 90(11), 1471-1486. – https://ve42.co/anderson2

Goldberg, S. B., Rousmaniere, T., Miller, S. D., Whipple, J., Nielsen, S. L., Hoyt, W. T., & Wampold, B. E. (2016). Do psychotherapists improve with time and experience? A longitudinal analysis of outcomes in a clinical setting. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 63(1), 1. – https://ve42.co/goldberg1

Ericsson, K. A., Krampe, R. T., & Tesch-Römer, C. (1993). The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychological Review, 100(3), 363. – https://ve42.co/anderson3

Egan, D. E., & Schwartz, B. J. (1979). Chunking in recall of symbolic drawings. Memory & Cognition, 7(2), 149-158. – https://ve42.co/chunking1

Tetlock, P. E. (2017). Expert political judgment. In Expert Political Judgment. Princeton University Press. – https://ve42.co/Tetlock

Melton, R. S. (1952). A comparison of clinical and actuarial methods of prediction with an assessment of the relative accuracy of different clinicians. Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, University of Minnesota.

Meehl, E. P. (1954). Clinical versus Statistical Prediction: A Theoretical Analysis and a Review of the Evidence. University of Minnesota Press. – https://ve42.co/Meehl1954

Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. – https://ve42.co/Kahneman

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Written by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Animation by Ivy Tello and Fabio Albertelli
Filmed by Derek Muller and Raquel Nuno
Additional video/photos supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound (https://ve42.co/music)
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, and Emily Zhang

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28 thoughts on “The 4 things it takes to be an expert”

  2. I'm pretty sure that there's at least 1 other factor.
    I mean, forcing a kid to do 10 h of practice a day is easy as a parent but then they'll end up hating the thing and rebel before you can reach a level good enough to challenge the pros.

    As a teacher, I may be biased but I generally think that a rewarding environment that reliably rewards effort rather than winning competitions, a strong external network to take care of all the things they're forced to neglect, and individual factors such as age, attitudes, beliefs and values are maybe more importantto reach the fabled 10 000 hours

    IF this fabled 10 000 is even enough to be considered an expert rather than being considered average

    Reply

  7. Yeah, i learned with my friend 100 of Pi numbers, he learned a bit beyond 200 but to this day i can use greater precision of Pi while calculating phisics formulas. It was worth it :DD

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  9. This video just reaffirms my happiness with being on the autistic spectrum. I can master things with ease and have done so over my life. Only other neurodivergent people can match this. I can also say that it takes less than 10,000 hours. That's for people with very slow learning curves.

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  12. On point with everything especially the guitar example u gave, i tend to procrastinate for a couple of minutes, breath and then just practice hard chords, it always ends up easier than i thought

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  25. Excellent. Very tight presentation. Thanks.
    I know someone who has 10,000 flight hours that he is proud of. I think he has completed only 1 hour: Take off, straight and level for 30 minutes, land. He has done it 10,000 times but has never improved. He hates cross winds, is terrified of stalling, won't attempt an unpowered landing, has never done loops or rolls (even though he flies a Cessna 152 that can do all that) and refuses to fly in bad weather, fog or a night (for which he does not have the required instrument rating). Yep! he as 1 flying hour experience.

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  28. By the way… while it is impressive that a person can remember hundreds of chess games, that hability is faaaaaaaaaaaaar below Magnus. Most regular players can recognize some famous games, and basically all IMs, and probably a lot of the FMs could beat that quiz just as easily as Magnus. I mean they didn't even choose hard games to guess (which is why I think that video is very lame). He is the greatest of all time, but that test cannot show why.

    Reply

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